Short and final update on this - I give up.
Reimaged the card, edited the .env file before first start, so directly pulled the fat image. Set up my standard Modules, everything up and running - except MMM-FRITZ-BoxCallmonitor - and started to test mounts to map the fritzconnection Python scripts… as again, a strange container showed up:
pi@magicmirroros:/opt/mm/run $ docker compose up -d
WARN[0000] No services to build
[+] up 2/2
✘ Container b053acabeef9 Error response from daemon: No such container: b053acabeef9f142eb3382656732bee6b75d549c10ec2ef80da27ec2c60946d6 2.2s
✔ Container labwc Recreated 2.2s
Error response from daemon: No such container: b053acabeef9f142eb3382656732bee6b75d549c10ec2ef80da27ec2c60946d6
Now I am sure my trusty SDcard is corrupt. Thanks @karsten13 for all the troubleshooting and help! I have learned a lot around Docker last days.
Will get a new card and see some time. Other projects requiring my attention.